Mid 1970s Civil Rights WEBER LAWSUIT Affirmative Action Labor Union Protest Pin

Description

THIS LISTING BEGAN ON SEPTEMBER 17, 2021 AND WILL
END WITHIN 30 DAYS, ON OR BEFORE OCTOBER 17, 2021,
IF ITEM IS NOT SOLD
OFFERED FOR SALE IS THIS
1 3/4 INCH CELLULOID PINBACK BUTTON
IN WHAT I BELIEVE TO BE REALLY GREAT SHAPE.
HOWEVER, THAT IS JUST MY OPINION. SEE PHOTOS FOR CONDITION, AND YOU BE THE JUDGE.   IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE CONTACT ME BEFORE BIDDING OR BUYING.
RETURNS ARE NOT ACCEPTED
UNLESS
THE ITEM IS NOT AS DESCRIBED OR SHOWN IN THE PHOTOS OR HAS SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE OR DEFECTS  NOT VISIBLE IN THE PHOTOS OR OTHERWISE DESCRIBED
.
GUARANTEED AUTHENTIC AND ORIGINAL AS DESCRIBED
.
Check out my other Political and Social Protest and Cause items.
This pin was issued and sold in the United States in the
mid-1970s
(circa 1975 - 1978) to raise funds and support for
Affirmative Action
and specifically to call for the
overturning of lower court decisions
in
Weber v. United Steelworkers
. The lower courts upheld Weber's claim that Title VII banned all forms of racial discrimination in employment, whether against blacks, whites, women or men.
However, in
1979
the
U.S. Supreme Court
overturned the lower court decisions, and
held that
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
did not bar employers
from favoring women and minorities on a temporary basis to rectify past discrimination in employment
.
The pin reads:
OVERTURN WEBER  DEFENT & EXPAND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION.
The Weber lawsuit,
which he pin refers to
,
United Steelworkers of America v. Weber
, 443 U.S. 193, was a case regarding
affirmative action
in which the United States Supreme Court held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
did not bar employers from favoring women and minorities
.
The Court's decision
reversed lower courts' rulings
in favor of
Brian Weber
(
a white man
) whose lawsuit filed in
1974 challenged his employer's hiring practices
.
The lower courts supported Weber’s claim that Title VII banned all forms of racial discrimination in employment whether against blacks or whites.
Brian Weber was a 32 years old white male, who worked as a laboratory assistant at a chemical plant.
His company, Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp
, had a policy of
allowing whites and blacks into a training program on a one-to-one basis
, even though there were many more whites than blacks.
This came from a collective agreement with United Steelworkers of America
. Weber did not get in. More training would have led to a pay raise. Weber claimed this violated Title VII.
The company and the union argued it was pursuing affirmative action to remedy historical disadvantages among blacks
.
In 1979,
by five to two, the
Supreme Court held that the affirmative action plan was lawful.
The majority (Brennan, Stewart, White, Marshall and Blackmun JJ) held that Title VII did not prohibit all kinds of affirmative action programs. They held that the
plan of affirmative action must be transitional in nature and serve in fact to correct situations of imbalance
by restoring equality at the starting point and should not set out to reproduce them artificially even when the effects of past discrimination have been wiped out.  An affirmative action plan has to be (1) necessary (2) aiming to correct a statistical imbalance (3) not result in an absolute bar to hiring non-minorities (4) temporary, with an end date or goal (5) allow flexibility for hiring non-minorities.
Chief Justice Burger, dissenting
, said he might vote for it if he were a member of Congress but he was not, and Title VII explicitly prohibited that form of discrimination.
Justice Rehnquist dissented
. He quoted
George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-four
(1949) 181, where in a sudden jump, mid-sentence, the government declares war on Eastasia instead, without blinking, and said this was like the approach to interpretation of the majority.
This underground pinback button pin or badge relates to the Hippie (or Hippy) Counterculture Movement of the psychedelic Sixties (1960's) and Seventies (1970's).  That movement included such themes and topics as peace, protest, civil rights, radical, socialist, communist, anarchist, union labor strikes, drugs, marijuana, pot, weed, lsd, acid, sds, iww, anti draft, anti war, anti rotc, welfare rights, poverty, equal rights, integration, gay, women's rights, black panthers, black power, left wing, liberal, etc.  progressive political movement and is guaranteed to be genuine as described.
The strategy and methods that the Deacons employed attracted the attention and concern of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which authorized an investigation into the group’s activities. The investigation stalled, however, when more influential black power organizations such as US and the
Black Panther Party
emerged after the
1965 Watts Riot
.  With public attention, and the attention of the FBI focused elsewhere, the Deacons lost most of their notoriety and slowly declined in influence.  By 1968 they were all but extinct.  In 2003 the activities of the Deacons was the subject of a 2003, “Deacons for Defense.” - See more at: /aah/deacons-defense-and-justice#sthash.s6D3h3ZZ.dpuf
On July 10, 1964, a group of African American men in Jonesboro,
Louisiana
led by Earnest “Chilly Willy” Thomas and Frederick Douglas Kirkpatrick founded the group known as The Deacons for Defense and Justice to protect members of the
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
against Ku Klux Klan violence.  Most of the “Deacons” were veterans of
World War II
and the
Korean War
. The Jonesboro chapter organized its first affiliate chapter in nearby Bogalusa, Louisiana led by Charles Sims, A.Z. Young and Robert Hicks. Eventually they organized a third chapter in Louisiana. The Deacons tense confrontation with the Klan in Bogalusa was crucial in forcing the federal government to intervene on behalf of the local African American community.  The national attention they garnered also persuaded state and national officials to initiate efforts to neutralize the Klan in that area of the Deep South.
The Deacons emerged as one of the first visible self-defense forces in the South and as such represented a new face of the
civil rights
movement.  Traditional civil rights organizations remained silent on them or repudiated their activities.  They were effective however in providing protection for local African Americans who sought to register to vote and for white and black civil rights workers in the area.  The Deacons, for example, provided security for the 1966 March Against Fear from Memphis to Jackson,
Mississippi
.  Moreover their presence in Southeastern Louisiana meant that the Klan would no longer be able to intimidate and terrorize local African Americans without challenge.
The strategy and methods that the Deacons employed attracted the attention and concern of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which authorized an investigation into the group’s activities. The investigation stalled, however, when more influential black power organizations such as US and the
Black Panther Party
emerged after the
1965 Watts Riot
.  With public attention, and the attention of the FBI focused elsewhere, the Deacons lost most of their notoriety and slowly declined in influence.  By 1968 they were all but extinct.  In 2003 the activities of the Deacons was the subject of a 2003, “Deacons for Defense.” - See more at: /aah/deacons-defense-and-justice#sthash.s6D3h3ZZ.dpuf
On July 10, 1964, a group of African American men in Jonesboro,
Louisiana
led by Earnest “Chilly Willy” Thomas and Frederick Douglas Kirkpatrick founded the group known as The Deacons for Defense and Justice to protect members of the
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
against Ku Klux Klan violence.  Most of the “Deacons” were veterans of
World War II
and the
Korean War
. The Jonesboro chapter organized its first affiliate chapter in nearby Bogalusa, Louisiana led by Charles Sims, A.Z. Young and Robert Hicks. Eventually they organized a third chapter in Louisiana. The Deacons tense confrontation with the Klan in Bogalusa was crucial in forcing the federal government to intervene on behalf of the local African American community.  The national attention they garnered also persuaded state and national officials to initiate efforts to neutralize the Klan in that area of the Deep South.
The Deacons emerged as one of the first visible self-defense forces in the South and as such represented a new face of the
civil rights
movement.  Traditional civil rights organizations remained silent on them or repudiated their activities.  They were effective however in providing protection for local African Americans who sought to register to vote and for white and black civil rights workers in the area.  The Deacons, for example, provided security for the 1966 March Against Fear from Memphis to Jackson,
Mississippi
.  Moreover their presence in Southeastern Louisiana meant that the Klan would no longer be able to intimidate and terrorize local African Americans without challenge.
The strategy and methods that the Deacons employed attracted the attention and concern of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which authorized an investigation into the group’s activities. The investigation stalled, however, when more influential black power organizations such as US and the
Black Panther Party
emerged after the
1965 Watts Riot
.  With public attention, and the attention of the FBI focused elsewhere, the Deacons lost most of their notoriety and slowly declined in influence.  By 1968 they were all but extinct.  In 2003 the activities of the Deacons was the subject of a 2003, “Deacons for Defense.” - See more at: /aah/deacons-defense-and-justice#sthash.s6D3h3ZZ.dpuf
On July 10, 1964, a group of African American men in Jonesboro,
Louisiana
led by Earnest “Chilly Willy” Thomas and Frederick Douglas Kirkpatrick founded the group known as The Deacons for Defense and Justice to protect members of the
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
against Ku Klux Klan violence.  Most of the “Deacons” were veterans of
World War II
and the
Korean War
. The Jonesboro chapter organized its first affiliate chapter in nearby Bogalusa, Louisiana led by Charles Sims, A.Z. Young and Robert Hicks. Eventually they organized a third chapter in Louisiana. The Deacons tense confrontation with the Klan in Bogalusa was crucial in forcing the federal government to intervene on behalf of the local African American community.  The national attention they garnered also persuaded state and national officials to initiate efforts to neutralize the Klan in that area of the Deep South. - See more at: /aah/deacons-defense-and-justice#sthash.s6D3h3ZZ.dpuf
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